有經濟學好友引述知名聯邦巡迴法院法官R. Posner對隱私權與營業秘密的經濟概念類比:
「The most interesting question in privacy law is whether a person should have a right to conceal embarrassing facts about himself — for example that he is an ex-convict. ...... Should he be encouraged to deceive these people, by being given a right to sue anyone who unmasks his hidden “defects”? At least on economic grounds, the answer seems to be no. It would be different if what was “unmasked” was not an embarrassing fact but a superb dinner recipe. We would then be in the realm of the trade secret, broadly defined, and the case would be no different in principle from the theft of a secret formula by a commercial rival. Here secrecy is a method of enforcing an informal property right and encourages an investment in a socially valuable idea. Concealing discreditable facts about a private individual, a firm, or a product does not.」
正確來說,Posner在argue的是傳統common law對隱私權的處理。
我分幾點說:
1. 我並不認同Posner的經濟分析,因為privacy的權利本質與trade secret畢竟不同,前者與後者的收入也不同。前者在common law底下保護的收入更多是personality,後者則純粹是monetary income。
2. 傳統common law對privacy的保護是放在「侵權行為(tort)」底下,原則上公認的四種隱私權侵害態樣:
a. appropriation by defendant of plaintiff's picture or name for defendant's commercial advantages;
b. intrusion by the defendant upon plaintiff's affairs or seclusion;
c. publication by the defendant of facts placing the plaintiff in a false light; and
d. public disclosures of private facts about the plaintiff by the defendant
第一種就是所謂的肖像權,通常是把名人的照片或名字未經授權拿去從事商業行為。這種不是Posner談的狀況,但卻是落在純粹的金錢收入。
後面三種行為都要求"highly offensive to a reasonable person"或"actual malice",而且相較於其他侵權行為訴訟,這三種隱私權受侵害原告只需要證明「侵害行為存在」,並不需要證明「所受損害」即可成立。反之,營業秘密侵害並不要求"actual malice or highly offensive"之存在,僅需故意、重大過失或違背保密義務即可構成。但營業秘密,原則上是需要證明損害存在與損害額度。除了少數原告不能證明損害,由法官判斷。
這點差異之所以存在,我認為就是因為侵權行為法在處理隱私權受侵害本來就不是以「金錢收入」為基本考量點,而是以保護personality;但營業秘密則完全考量金錢收入,反而不考量原告的personality。
當然,personality是什麼沒有明確定義,在美國法體系下就是靠大量判決累積畫出邊界。
3. 這就回到Armen Alchian著名的「THE MEANING OF UTILITY MEASUREMENT」論文所提出的觀念:如果把personality看成經濟學上的一種utility,則經濟理論上關於量度我們只能做到對utility的偏好做排列,卻無從得出絕對數值。
這點就是我認為Posner犯錯的地方:privacy訴訟大部分情形下是武斷的utility判斷,無法像trade secret那樣有「可能市價」參考損失額度。
這一塊又是海耶克理論的進一步應用了 -- i.法院體系雖然不是市場交易體系,但處理糾紛賠償通常還是要引入外部市場價格作為參考,但;
ii.某些侵權行為損害額計算沒有市價可供引導,法官必須武斷地判斷,這肯定會存在非常高的訊息費用。
但反之,無法引入市價指引,不代表損害不存在,法律上可據此不給予保護。
全文連結:
https://tinyurl.com/v59pptz
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過33萬的網紅Mr.GTA5 MOD,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Made by GT-Ace with eveything: http://ameblo.jp/xgt-ace-l-wingx/ And enough quality suppose 720p graphics if you wanna see the sight that almost orig...
theft meaning 在 大肚山傳奇(產業升級轉型服務團-傳產中分團) Facebook 的最佳貼文
【活動通知】
22nd IBDC全球自行車設計比賽延長至6/15截止報名,今年主題方向以整合生活與科技為重點,搭配 2018台北國際自行車展,頒獎典禮訂於 10/30舉辦,金牌獎金50萬元等你來拿。
21屆IBDC活動花絮https://www.facebook.com/ibdc.award/videos/880666882088612/
「第二十二屆全球自行車設計比賽」不同於以往本屆比賽將增設自行車智能化創新設計組別:智能化科技輔助自行車設計,是以自行車騎乘為中心思考,所建構出之創新產品或服務等;期望透過自行車智能化創新設計,打造更友善之自行車騎乘環境,同時,也因應科技爆炸及多元化整合時代來臨,自行車與網際網路的整合(Bike+IoT)視為自行車產業下一個產業的曙光,自行車與ICT整合所開發的產品及創新服務情境模式、IT整合創新自行車設計產品或是以單車騎乘為思考所設計的相關設施都可納為自行車智能化創新設計組,讓創新自行車設計成果更符合目前產業所需,更便利於使用者生活中。
誠摯邀請您踴躍繳件,線上註冊及繳件期間為:2017年7月17日至2018年3月31日止(時間以主辦單位所在地-台北為準),IBDC官方網站:http://ibdc.tbnet.org.tw。
1. 作品設計理念動機(圖)一張
停車免鑰匙,使用手機感應上鎖、解鎖。
防竊警示,偵測震動異常,即時通知店家與車主。
架設簡便快速,提供電源即可,免拉線。主機系統使用平板電腦即可操作。
適用環境:便利超商、大眾運輸點、洽公場所、風景區、圖書館、飯店、商圈…。
2. 創意產品設計說明(圖)二張
鎖車流程:智慧手機感應上鎖
解鎖流程:智慧手機取得店家主機解鎖確認授權,至停車裝置以手機感應解鎖
異常警報:震動異常發訊警告車主、店家系統警報
3. 產品使用情境說明(圖)一張
The 22nd International Bicycle Design Competition creates a new group: Intelligent Innovative Design with cycling which is different from before, it may create the intelligent product with the cycling view point, hoping that through the innovative design, creating the friendly cycling environment; meanwhile, along with the technology explosive era and various techniques combination, Bike + IoT may be serve as the new highlight in Bike industry, meaning that Bike+ICT combination and innovative service scenario, Bike products with the IT combination and the infrastructure with cycling viewpoint will be included in this group. And we hope these kinds of categories may fit with the needs of Bike industry and take into practice in our daily life.
Welcome to register and join us online, and the deadline will be from now - 3rd Nov. 2018 (Local time GMT+8), IBDC website: http://ibdc.tbnet.org.tw.
1. Description of the entry in English only
A. Using NFC mobile to lock or unlock parking equipment.
B. When the anti-theft alarm has detected, both of bike owner and clerk will be notified immediately.
C. Quick and easy to install, only power requirement. Management system can operate on a tablet or PC.
D. For convenience stores, public transportation stations, government, tourist areas, libraries, hotels and shopping areas.
2. Concept of Design & Innovative Features
A. Bikes Lock: Finding the parking equipment available and using NFC mobile to lock.
B. Unlock: After bike owner gets the clerk unlock authorization, the bike owner goes to the parking space and using NFC mobile to unlock the parking equipment.
C. Anti-theft Alarm: When the anti-theft alarm has detected, Management system will send the message to both of bike owner and clerk immediately.
3. Usage Scenarios
theft meaning 在 Mr.GTA5 MOD Youtube 的最佳貼文
Made by GT-Ace with eveything: http://ameblo.jp/xgt-ace-l-wingx/
And enough quality suppose 720p graphics if you wanna see the sight that almost original model. ↓↓↓ Detailed INFO(以下詳細)↓↓↓
The originally ENB technology which GT-Ace studies, this dosen't show on the area of general GTA4, EFLC and GTA5 MOD's sites. GT-Ace would offer this technique only somebody special who notified programming in particular with GT-Ace for PC or have a talent with photography unique for Grand Theft Auto for PC and only to the person who can speak English with another person satisfactorily as a union card.
Matter of fact,GT-Ace characterized by a more realistic feeling of air and one per one of natural light all like a photograph taken on a spot with this ENB.
And last, GT-Ace intended to make the base of the program in conjunction with the graphic for the Grand Theft Auto V for PC platform and gave this test, so thus, itself does not have the deep meaning with nothing special .
・このENBは、今年の夏頃からPC版のGTA5発売時に備えて、実写のようにリアルな空気感と現実的なライティングを追求して試作したもので、写真撮影が得意な"Lyc"という外国人の方に特別にENBを限定配布し、撮影を依頼しました。動画では、何回かに分けて撮影したそれらの写真をいくつかまとめております。また、現在も更新中です。
・GT-Aceでは、ハイスペックPC向けの非常に綺麗なENBを制作しています。
PC版GTAの持つ本来のグラフィカルな魅力とDirectXを改造し、独自のプログラミング(コーディング)を行うことで、GPUの眠っている潜在的な能力を最大限に発揮させていますので、GTA4-Mod.comやGTA4-insideなどで配信されている通常のENBセッティング・ファイルでは再現できないような質感、空気感を実現します。
//////////////////////
ENB is made by GT-Ace in GTA4 EFLC GTA5 for PC.
Posted by L-wing.
Photo by Lyc.
//////////////////////
//////////////////////
Tested on Patch 1.0.7.0. Ain't tested on 1.0.4.0.
Spec by NVIDIA GeForce GTX TITAN SLI 3-way, Intel core i7 3970X EE,32MB RAM,2TB HDD,1500W POWER.
NVIDIA GeForce GTX 680 2GB / 30-40 fps with Maxed out in Game Graphics Setting.
NVIDIA GeForce GTX TITAN 6GB / 40-50fps with Maxed out in Game Graphics Setting.
///////////////////////
theft meaning 在 Theft Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster 的相關結果
The meaning of THEFT is the act of stealing; specifically : the felonious taking and removing of personal property with intent to deprive ... ... <看更多>
theft meaning 在 Theft Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com 的相關結果
Theft definition, the act of stealing; the wrongful taking and carrying away of the personal goods or property of another; larceny. See more. ... <看更多>
theft meaning 在 THEFT在劍橋英語詞典中的解釋及翻譯 的相關結果
6 天前 — theft的意思、解釋及翻譯:1. (the act of) dishonestly taking something that belongs to someone else and keeping it: 2. (the…。了解更多。 ... <看更多>